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BANCROFT 
LIBRARY 


THE    IBRARY 


•  UNIVERSITY 


OF  CAL IFORNIA 


LHIHmillMIMIMmllllllMIMIIMmiMIIMMHIIMIIIIIIimillMHMMIHIIMIIIMIHIMMIIIIIHmillllimilllHMmiMmilMMIMIHIIIMIIIIHIMIHinM 

1  PANAMA  CANAL  I 

I  PICTURES  [ 

Showing  the  Latest  Photographs  of  the  Progress  of  Construction 
on  the  Isthmian  Canal 

Together  with 

=  § 

A  Brief  Introduction,  Some  Interesting  Figures,  and  a 
Map  of  the  Canal  Zone 


Published  by 
WILMER  ATKINSON  COMPANY 

Washington  Square 
Philadelphia 

1913 
i  | 

^iMmiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiMHiimiimmimiiiiiimmiMimiitMiiMiMiiMHimMinmiiiMiMiMMNiiHiiiimiiim 


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AT 


Copyright  1913 
Wilmer  Atkinson  Company 


iimimiiimii iiiiiiiimiiiiKiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitimiiiiiiiiiii mi iiillliliiui iitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiii Illllllllllllllllll iiiiiiiilliillillliliillllinilllfr. 


BANCROFT 
LIBRARY 

1:11111111  ........  i  ......  ||  .....  iiiiiilllllllllllllllllllllllll  ........  miimiiimiiimmmmmiiimmmiiiiiiimiiii  ..................  lllllllllll  ......  Illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll  .....  I  .....  iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiii  .........  llllllllllllll  .....  Mint 

I  PANAMA  CANAL  PICTURES  j 

INTRODUCTION 

lO  give  anything  like  a  complete  description  of  such  a  huge  undertaking  as  the 
Panama  Canal  is  manifestly  impossible  in  such  a  limited  space. 

It  is  likewise  out  of  the  question  to  give  a  history  of  the  Canal  project, 
from  the  earliest  times  to  the  present,  or  the  events  of  the  period  of  French 
occupancy,  the  Panama  Revolution,  or  the  undertaking  of  the  work  by  the  United  States. 
Farm  Journal  readers,  like  all  other  Americans,  are  interested  in  these  things,  and 
should  read  about  them  from  the  numerous  books  that  have  been  written  and  published. 

This  little  book,  however,  aims  only  to  give  some  of  the  latest  pictures  showing  the 
progress  of  the  work,  and  to  give  them  in  such  orderly  form  that  the  reader  may  feel  he 
or  she  has  made  a  personal  trip,  even  if  a  very  rapid  one,  across  the  Isthmus. 

With  this  in  mind,  we  give  first  a  map  of  the  Canal  Zone,  and  then,  starting  at 
Colon,  on  the  Atlantic  side,  as  if  we  had  landed  there  from  a  New  York  steamer,  we  go 
up  the  Canal  to  the  Gatun  Locks  and  Dam,  climb  the  Locks,  pass  through  the  great 
artificial  Gatun  Lake,  through  the  Culebra  Cut,  down  the  Pedro  Miguel  and  Miraflores 
Locks  on  the  other  side,  and  so  to  the  Pacific  at  Panama. 


lllllMlimilimmiiiimmmmmmi iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiii Illllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllltlllllllllllllllllllllllllllll I iiiiiiniiii I Illlllllllllllllllllllllllll t 

We  will  pause  long  enough  to  see  one  or  two  portraits  of  Colonel  Goethals  and  his 
associates  on  the  Isthmian  Canal  Commission,  to  look  at  the  workmen  working,  resting, 
and  drawing  their  pay,  and  a  few  other  views  of  general  interest. 

In  all  its  dimensions,  the  construction  of  the  Panama  Canal  is  by  far  the  greatest 
single  engineering  achievement  of  historic  times. 

Nor  can  any  ancient  engineering  works  compare  with  it,  if  we  do  not  consider  the 
difference  in  methods  and  the  machinery  with  which  modern  invention  has  equipped  us. 
The  building  of  the  Pyramids  or  the  Great  Wall  of  China  were  works  as  vast  and  difficult 
in  their  day  as  the  Panama  Canal  is  in  this,  but  neither  is  in  any  way  comparable  to  the 
Canal  for  size. 

Modern  machinery  in  the  first  place,  and  modern  sanitation  in  the  second  place, 
must  have  the  credit  for  the  successful  issue  of  the  work.  The  machinery  of  the  French 
was  light  and  inadequate  compared  to  ours,  but  they  made  wonderful  progress  while  they 
were  at  work,  and  in  time  could  have  completed  the  Canal. 

The  French  failure  was  due  almost  exclusively  to  the  prevailing  ignorance  of  sanitation, 
and  their  inability  to  control  yellow  fever  and  malarial  fever,  the  twin  pestilences  of  the  tropics. 

The  American  success,  on  the  other  hand,  is  based  on  our  discoveries  in  medical 
and  sanitary  science,  and  the  American  demonstration  that  the  twin  fevers  are  each  trans- 
mitted by  a  mosquito. 

5in iiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiHililiiilllliiiii inililllilliliiilliiii iiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii iiiimmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii ilium IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII.- 


^lllllimimilllllllllHIIIIimillllllMllllliminiimmHIIIIIIIHIHIHIIIIIIIIIIHIMIIIIIIIMimHIIIIIIIIIIIinimllllimilllllMimillim^ 

To  build  the  Canal,  men  must  first  be  able  to  live  there.  The  first  step,  therefore, 
was  to  exterminate  the  mosquitoes,  preventing  the  spread  of  fevers,  clean  up  the  filthy 
towns,  drain  swamps,  build  sewers,  and  teach  Panama  to  keep  itself  clean. 

The  Sanitary  Corps  under  Colonel  Gorgas  accomplished  all  these  things.  They 
made  possible  a  completed  Canal,  where  thousands  of  French  graves  give  grim  evidence 
as  to  why  the  French  failed. 

In  June  1905,  there  were  62  new  cases  of  yellow  fever  on  the  Isthmus;  in  July,  42; 
in  August,  27;  in  September,  6;  in  October,  3;  in  November,  2;  in  December,  1;  in 
all  of  1906,  there  was  one  more  case;  since  1906  there  has  been  no  yellow  fever  in  the 
Canal  Zone. 

Of  the  engineering  difficulties  of  the  Canal,  there  have  been  two  chief  ones:  first, 
the  dams  and  locks,  and  second  the  deep  excavation  known  as  the  Culebra  Cut.  Besides 
these,  there  were  many  smaller  problems,  such  as  the  sea-level  channels  at  each  end  of 
the  Canal,  from  the  oceans  to  the  foot  hills;  the  method  of  controlling  the  Chagres  River, 
which  is  accustomed  to  go  on  rampages  in  the  rainy  season;  and  several  others. 

But,  broadly  speaking,  when  the  Locks  are  finished  and  the  Culebra  Cut  dug,  the 
work  is  complete.  And  this  day  is  not  far  distant. 

So  now,  leaving  our  steamer  at  Colon,  let  us  start  on  our  flying  trip  across  the 
Isthmus. 

Turn iiimmimmimmmmimmii! HHIHIII  MINI  MINI  mum iiiimiiimmm miiimmn nil I nil Mil I llllllllllllllllllllllimimi iimiiiiiimiim I in- 


H>  >'iMirirs\  of  thi>  SruMititli1  AmrruMti.  Ni>«   York 


Always  keep  in  mind  that  while  the  Canal  connects  the  Atlantic  aiul  Pacific  Oceans,  it  iloes 
NOT  run  from  East  to  West.  The  Isthmus  of  Panama  at  this  point  is  Ixully  twisted,  so  that  the  Canal 
actually  runs  from  North-west  to  South-east,  and  the  Pacific  end  is  FURTHKR  TO  THE  EAST 
than  the  Atlantic  end.  The  map  above  shows  this  clearly. 

\Ve  will  start  at  Colon,  pass  up  the  Canal  to  the  hill  country,  inspect  the  Ciatun  Locks,  and 
climbing  them  a  distance  of  85  feet,  sail  out  on  Ciatun  Lake.  Then  following  the  Sailing  Channel, 
we  will  come  to  the  head  of  the  Lake,  pass  through  the  deep  and  narrow  Culebra  Cut,  descend  one 
lock  at  Pedro  Miguel,  and  two  more  at  MiraHores,  and  find  ourselves  Kick  at  sea-level,  at  the  south- 
cast  or  Pacific  end  of  the  Canal. 


iiiimiiiiiiiimmiiimmmmimiiiiiiiiir; 


ijiimimiiiimiimiiMmimimmiiimiiiiiiimimiiHMiiiiiiiiimimmmiiiiimiMmimmiMmiiiMiiimimiiiiiiiiiM 


^IMmimMmimmiHIMnilllHMHIIIIMimiMMMIMIIIimHMMNmmmillllllllllMnilHmmmilllllllimilllllllimiHIHIIimim 

Copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.    Y. 

Here  we  are  at  the  great  Gatun  Locks.     We  are  looking  up  from  the  lower  end  of  the  lowest  chamber.     To  the  far 
end  of  the  third  or  highest  chamber  is  more  than  half  a  mile.     This  is  only  half  the  Lock; 


^immiiimmiiiimiiMiiii 


iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 


r'imiimimiiMniniminiiiin!>iim!iiiiiinm!iimmiiiiiimiiiiim!imiiimmmiiiimiimimmmiiiimmmiiimimmmiimnmimmiiiim 
Copyright  bj  Underwood  t  Underwood.  X.  Y. 

Let  us  walk  up  into  the  lock  chamber,  noticing  the  height  of  the  walls,  and  the  steel  framework 
holding  the  forms  into  which  the  liquid  concrete  is  poured. 


^IMMIIMMIMIIHIMIMIIMIIIMHIIIIinMMimillMIIIIHIHIMIMIIIIIIMIimillllMIMIIMIIIIINIIIimMIIIIIIMIHMIIIIMMmillMmilMMIIIMHim 


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3MMIimmmimillMMimiimniHIIMmimMIIMimmimiHlllimillimilNHmilMmimMimMimilimiUMHmiimimNimmmillllMMIMIIIIIIim 

Copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 


Climbing  to  the  top  of  the  Lock  walls,  we  can  see  how  thick  the  concrete  is,  and  how  the  water 
from  the  sea-level  is  kept  out  by  a  temporary  dam. 


^'Minimi IIIMIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiii iiiiiiiiliiiiiiiiiiHimmiiimmmmmmiiiimm iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiini IL 


IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIKIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIINIIII 

Copyright  by  Underwood  t  Underwood,  N.  Y. 


Half  way  along  the  Locks  we  turn  and  look  back.     In  the  distance  is  the  low  country  from  which  we  have 
come,  and  through  which  the  sea-level  section  of  the  canal  runs  from  the  Atlantic. 


£111 iiiimmiiim iniill nmmmiiiiii iiinui Illllllllilllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll Ill I IlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllMllllllllllllI IIIMIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIMIIIIIIII llimillilMiliiMININIMIIIi 


M 


Copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 


Now  we  are  at  the  head  of  the  Gatun  Locks,  and  looking  back  we  see  the  series  of  massive  gates 

through  which  the  'ships  will  pass,, 


Photograph  copyright  b\  International  News  Serrice. 

Now  turn  away  from  the  Locks,  and  look  south  from  the  top  of  the  great  dam  over  the  rising  waters  of  Gatun  Lake. 

On  the  right  are  the  guide  walls  to  the  Locks,  and  in  the  distance  the  many  islands  among  which  the  ship  channel 

makes  its  way.     The  Lake  still  has  many  feet  to  rise  before  it  is  full  and  covers  its  maximum  area 

of  164  square  miles.      Many  native  Panamans  had  to  leave  their  houses  as  the  water  rose, 

and  many  miles  of  the  Panama  Railroad  had  to  be  moved  to  higher  ground. 


- inn inn illllllllll I I mi Minimum iimmmii iimmiimmmi i i mi i I i n imu 


miiiiHiiiiiiiimiiimmiiiiiiiimiiiiiiimmiuimiiimimiiiiimmiiiiiMiiiiuiMmiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiu^ 
Copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood.  N.  Y. 

How  the  watertight  core  or  foundation  of  the  Gatun  Dam  was  made.     The  mud  left  after  the  water  drains 
away  dries  and  hardens.     The  dam  is  half  a  mile  thick  at  the  base. 


^iimimmmmiiiiiimiiimmiiiiimimmimiimHmiimmiimiiiiimmiimmmmimHn 


^IIIIIHIMIIWIIHIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIinMIUMIIIIIIIIHIimilllllllllllllllinillllllimilmmiimHm^ 

Copyright  by  Underwood  A  Underwood.  N.  V. 

The  "Spillway"  of  the  Gatun  Dam,  where  the  surplus  water  escapes.     Much  of  this  will  be  used  to 
operate  the  locks  when  the  Canal  is  open. 


dimimmmimi t i i iiiiiiiiililliiiiiiiiiiiiiiin ill nil 11 1 iiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii nil I I minimum mi I mmmmiiiimiiii 


niimiiiiiiiiiniinminiiiimiiiimimiiiimininiiiiiiiimmimniimiiimiiiiHmmmininimmiiiiniiiiiiniiim 
Copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

Passing  over  the  country  which  Gatun  Lake  will  overflow  and  cover,  we  arrive  at  Bas  Obispo,   where  the 
Culebra  Cut  begins.     This  is  the  way  it  looked  when  the  U.  S.  "took  hold"  in  1904. 


iiiiiitiiiiniiHiHiiiiiiiiiiiHiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiHUiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiitiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiic 


Same  view  as  preceding  page,  showing  Bas  Obispo  section  practically  complete.     The  channel  in  the 
center  of  the  Cut  carries  off  all  rain  and  surface  water. 


£iiiiiniiin iiiimmmm llllllllllllllllllllllllll llllllllllinillllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll lllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllMIMIIIIIIIIIMIIIIlllllllllllllllllll iimiimmmimmiiimiimiiiiiimmi l± 


nlllllllllllllllllllllllllHIIIIIIimillimimilHimmmmillllllinillllimillllllllllllllllllimillllllimillllMmilimillM 

Photograph  copyright  by  International  News  Service. 

Before  we  go  further,  look  at  one  of  the  great  steam  shovels  that  have  done  the  actual  digging. 
Two  men  handle  one  of  these  monsters  easily. 


iiini iiiiniiir; 


Photograph  copyright  by  Intfrnution.il  New*  Service. 


As  the  shovels  load  a  car,  the  locomotive  pushes  the  train  along  slowly  until  the  whole  train  is  full. 
Then  off  to  the  dump,  and  back  for  another  load. 


.•minim inn | I nun; Illlllllll I I minim Miiiiitiiliiiiiliiiliiiiiiliiilliin iniiill I limn Illllll IIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII iiiiuiiiniiii 


TllllllMMMIIMIMIiniUIMMMinMlMniirnHmmMIMIimillllimiimiMIIIMmilimmilllllllMmillllMMIIMIimilimmiimmiMIMIinillllllMimmmilim 

The  long  string  of  empty  dirt  cars  in  the  foreground  have  only  one  side;   they  are  unloaded  by  a  kind  of  plow 
that  goes  from  one  end  of  the  train  to  the  other,  pushing  off  the  earthr 


Copyright  by  Underwood  *  Underwood.  X.  T. 

This  old  photograph  shows  the  country  through  which  the  Canal  now  passes. 
when  the  French  were  beginning  work. 


View  taken  in  1885, 


i: linn n i i iiiiiiiiniii n minmiimimi nil iiiiilllllilllllliiiiliiiliiiiiiiiliini I ill immmimni nil iniin L 


I inn inn i i i iiiiiiiiii i inn mi nil I nininni minimi limn iimiiniiiiiiim niliiiilllllllllllilliliini 

Copyright  by  Underwood  <fc  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

View  taken  in  1912  from  nearly  the  same  point  as  the  last  picture,  showing  this  section 
of  the  Culebra  Cut  nearly  finished. 


^HiiiiMiimiiimmiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinmiiiimiiiimiimiimmiiiiiiiimm 


-•iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiiniiiiiiiii 
Copyright  by  Underwood  t.  Underwood.  X.  Y. 


llllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllMIr 


The  French  company  in  1887  had  made  this  much  progress  near  Bas  Obispo.     Their  machinery  was  too 
light,  but  they  did  much  valuable  work  nevertheless. 


^mimmmiiMiMiMMimiiiiiuimiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMmiiiiMMiiiiimMiiMimmiiiiiiiiimmiiiiiim 


r.lllMNIIMIIIMIIIUMlllHMIIIIIIIIinillllllllllHIHIininiHIIIIIIIHIIIIIIMIIMMIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIMIIIIIIinillllllMIIIIMIMIHMIIIIIIMMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHiniMIIIIHIHIIIIIinillll^ 

Copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood.  N.  Y. 

View  from  nearly  the  same  point  as  the  last  picture,  showing  this  shallow  section  of  the 
Culebra  Cut  practically  finished. 


^miiUMHMiuiumimimiiimmminmiiimiiiimmimiimiiimimiiimiiiimiimiiimiimiiimmmmiH 


=   >-       .,    c 


siiiiiniiiMiiHiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniiiiiiiwiiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiimiiiiiimiiiiiiniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii 


ijini mi ii immimiiiiiiimiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiniii i iiiiiinii immiimmiiii i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiini i i mmmiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiii H 


'lllHMIUmiMllinilimimMMIIMIIIIIIIimnimilimilMIMmmmillllllllllMlllimmimilimilMIIIIMIIIIIMIimmMllllimiMIMm 

Copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood.  N.  Y. 

Walking  out  on  the  Empire  bridge,  we  get  a  good  idea  of  the  width  of  the  Cut.     Nine  railroad 
tracks  side  by  side,  and  plenty  of  room  for  more. 


aiiiiHiiiMiHHHiimiiiHiMiiHHiMiiiiHHMHimmiiimiiiiMHimimiiiiiiiMmnmmimiHHmiimimmiiMiHiiiiHiMmimiHimHMiim 


^IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 

Copyright  bv  Underwood  A  Underwood.  N.  V. 


limilllllllimilllllllllllllllllllllllllimillllimilllllllllr 


At  this  point  we  reach  the  deepest  part  of  the  Culebra  Cut,  between  Gold  Hill  and  Contractor's  Hill. 
494  vertical  feet  of  earth  and  rock  will  have  been  removed  when  the  work  is  completed. 


MmMiiiNimMmmmMMiiiiMiiMiMHiiMuimMMiimiiiMiimmiiMMimMHmmiiMHiiiiiimimimiiMmmmMiMMiiMiMMMmmimmiiM 
Copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.    Y. 

As  showing  how  much  digging  had  to  be  done,  notice  the  first  excavation  made  by  the  French, 
at  the  extreme  upper  left-hand  corner  of  the  picture. 


Underwood,  X.  Y. 


One  of  the  "slides"  which  have  been  so  annoying  a  feature  of  the  excavation  work.     About  300,000  cubic 
yards  of  earth  and  rock  slid  into  the  Canal  at  this  point. 


^iiiiiimiiiiiiiiimiiMMMMimiimmiMiMiiiMMiiiiuiiiiiiHMiMiMiimiimMHMiiiiiiimmiiMHMiHiiimiummimMiiimMMimiim 


^MIIIIIIIIUIIIMIIIMMIIIUIIIIIIMIMIIIIIIIIIIIMIMMIIMUIIIIMIIIIIIIIIMMIIIIIIIIIIMIIIllllllllMIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIMIIIIIMIIIIinilllllllllllMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIM 

Photograph  copyright  by  International  News  Service. 

A  nearer  view  of  the  same  slide.     This  mass  of  material  blocked  railway  tracks,  wrecked  cars,  and  by 
breaking  a  water  conduit  flooded  this  section  of  the  Cut. 


A  remarkable  panoramic  view  of  the   Culebra  Cut  near  its  deepest  part.     The  specks  in; 

the  back-bone  of  the  continent,  continuous  with  the  ' 


Another  interesting  panorama,  showing  a  busy  day  at   Miraflores  Locks.     The  gates  in  til 

chamber,  and  still  beyond  the  curious  lumpy  hills  oil 


bottom  are  full-sized  locomotives  and  dirt  trains.      The  mountains  in  the  distance  are 
Jf.ies  to  the  north  and  the  Andes  in  South  America. 


•reground  are  closed,  and  the  men  are  crossing  on  their  tops, 
lama.     On  the  right  a  party  of  tourists  are  visible. 


Beyond  is  the  long  lock 


^miiimmmmiiiiiiiiHiim iniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinuiiiiiiiuu HI iiiiiiiiiiiinnii imiiii iiiiini HI i iiinii iiiiiiiiinii minium iiimmmimii mmmiimiiiimi i 


^ 


Copyright  by  Underwood  A  Underwood.  N.  Y. 


Another  very  troublesome  slide  of  more  than  1,500,000  cubic  yards.     Steam  shovels  are  working  away  at 
the  "toe,"  and  loading  the  material  on  trains  to  be  hauled  away. 


jimmiiiim MIIIIII mi I MIIIIII I mi mi mi I I I iiiiiiin mummi I imiiiiiiiiiminiMi 


iiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMMiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiimiiiim 


IIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIHIIIIIIIIIIII it 


luiMiMiiMiiiiiMHUiiMiHiMiniuiiiiHiNiMininiMHiiiHHiiiiiiiHininiiniiiiMiMMiiiiniiniHiHiHiinniniiHiiiiinMiiiiiiiniiiiniininiiMMiiiiHiiiiiiiiMiiiiiuiiiiniiNHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiir: 


JMHMMMMMMM iiiiiiiiiiini IIIIMIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMI iiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiimiimiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiliiiii^ 


-IIIIIINIIIIIII I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin iniiiiiiiiii mil iiiiiiiiiiimmiiim iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin i lllllllillllllllllllllllllllll immimimi limillimmillllllllllllllllf; 

Copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

These  are  members  of  the  Canal  Commission.     Colonel  Goethals  and  Colonel  Gorgas,  the  chairman  and 
the  Commissioner  of  Sanitation,  stand  on  the  lowest  step,  dressed  in  white. 


1  urn  inn  i  ii  mi  inn  inn mil  in Himiimiiiiimmmmiimmiimi i iiimmmmmmiimiimmimmmmi i IIIIIIIIIINIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIII iiiimiimii 


"iMinlMllinilllHIIIHMMIMIMMIIIMIIIIMIIMHIMIMIIIMIIIllMMHIIMIMMIIIMMIMMIMMIMIMMIMIIIMIIMIMIMIIMMMIIMIMIMMIIMIMIMIMMMMMMIIIIIMIMIMHIIIIIIIMIIIinin 

(V>j>.v  right  1>>  Underwood  &  Underwood.  N.  V. 

All  loyal  Americans  in  Panama  join  in  the  celebration  of  the  Fourth  of  July,  even  when,  as  in  this  case, 
it  rains  in  torrents.     Many  children  take  part. 


L_      T--     :    _ 


:-      '- 


,  tropical  hmtsamd  trees.     Tfccrc 


inmniiiiiniiniiiiiimiiiiinuiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiHiimiiiimiiiiUr 


of  tbe  human  wocfccn  on  tbe  Canal.     A  Sunday  open-air  market,  where  the  colored 
laborer*,  and  taa'igOf.a  generally,  do  most  of  their  buying. 


.    •  r        .  •  -    _-      •    _- 


iiiiimHiiHiiiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiuiiiimimiiMinMiiiimmimiHiiiiiimmMiiiiiiiiHiiim 


IIIIIIIIIUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII Illlllllllllll Illllllllll Illlllll Illlllllll Illlllll 


iimmiiimin illililiillliniiiiiilll iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiin imimiiiimimmimmiiiii in i MIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII t iimiiimiii!imimillillllllimmilliiilllll£ 


Cop}  right  by  Underwood  £  Underwood.  N    V. 

At  Pedro  Miguel,  (which  the  Americans  all  call  "Peter  Magill")  is  the  first  step  downward  from 
the  level  of  Gatun  Lake  toward  the  Pacific. 


^mmmiiHiiiimiiiimiHimMmmiiHiiimiimiiiiiiiimiiiimiiiiiiimiiiiiiiimiiiiimiiMimMimHimiiiimiimiiiiiMmiimm^ 


:i""" iiiiiiiiiiin nun minimi minium mmmmmii iimmmmmimmmiimmmmimmm immmmmmmi iiimi iimmimmmi 11 immmmmmmm f, 

Copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

We  will  climb  the  hill-side  for  a  bird's-eye  view  of  the  Pedro  Miguel  Lock.     Notice  the 
mountainous  character  of  the  country. 


ill imimmiiimmmmmmiimiiL; 


~"i  '"IIMHIIIIIlnUHIHIHIIIinillllllllllUIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII 

Copyright  by  t'ndenrood  ft  Underwood.  N    V. 

Here,  as  at  Gatun,  are  the  huge  steel  lock  gates.      By  making  them  hollow  and  watertight,  they  partly 
float  in  the  water,  making  them  light  and  easy  to  operate. 


dlMMiimmiiiiimiMiiiiiHimMiiiimMiiHiiiMimiHimiMimiHiHiHiMMiMiiiMiiiiiiiiiiimmiiMiMHiiiMiiiimiM 


3lliiimiiiiiiiilliiiiiiiiillilimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii MiiiiMiiimiiiimMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimmiiiiillliiiiiiiMliiiiiiiimiiiiiiillllllllilllilii iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii I iiiiiinii iiliiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilliiillllilil iiniiiiir 

Copyright  by  Uuderwood  &  Underwood,  N,  Y. 

We  have  seen  the  overflow  from  Gatun  Lake  pouring  over  the  Gatun  Spillway.     These  outlets  at  Pedro 
Miguel  take  the  overflow  from  the  south  end  of  the  Lake. 


HiuMHnHiHMiniiniuHniiMiiiNniiuiuiiiiiNiHiiiiiiiNiiiHMHininiiMnMiiiMinniiiiMiiiiiiiiiiMinHininHiHMnHtnuiiNnMnniiinniniMiMHnniMnnMinniiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiF 
Copyright  by  Underwood  *  Underwood.  X.  Y. 

From  the  intake  shown  in  the  last  picture,  the  surplus  water  will  flow  off  through  this  18  foot  tunnel, 
which  passes  through  the  solid  concrete  of  the  center  lock  wall. 


••»',-  -•  _.  Pi  •         jj*. 

life 


r.llllllllllimil Illllllllll immmiln Illllllllllll Illlllllll Illlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll iniiiinii nun Illlllllin IIIIIIMII immmmmm iliiilmlilimiimiimiiiimm7 

Copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

Beautiful  concrete  arches  at  the  lower  end  of  the  Pedro  Miguel  Lock.     Showing  also  the 
outlet  of  the  18  foot  water  tunnel. 


^immimiiimiimimiiiiiimmiiiiiiimiiiiiiimimiiimmiimimmiiiimiimjiiniimiimmu 


^IIMIIIIMiniMIMIMIIIIIMIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIMIIIIIMIIIMIMIIMIMIIIinillMIIIMMIMIMIIHIIIMIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIMinilllMIIIIIIIIIIIIMnilllMIUIIIIIIIiniNlllllllllllinlMIIIIMinilllinMII 

Copyright  by  Underwood  t  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

Looking  back  at  Pedro  Miguel,  we  get  a  good  view  of  the  lock  chamber.      Notwithstanding  its  great 
length,  it  is  only  one  third  as  long  as  the  Gatun  Lock. 


4mmiimimiiiimmmiimiimmiiiiimiii miimmmiiimimiiimii iimmiimiiiimmiiimmmmmimilliiliiMiiiiiiiiiiii iiimmuiiiiiimmmiiiiiimiiimmmiimiiimmiimimiiiiimmmiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiL 


^MIIMIIMinMIIMIIIIIIUIIIIMIIIMIIMIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIMIItlllMIIIIIIUIItMlllMMMIMIMIMIMIMIIMMMIIIMIMIHininiHIMINMIMIIIIIHIIMHIMIIIIinillMinilMIMMMIIIMMIIMIIMIIIMIMMIIMIIIIIII^ 

Copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

At  Gatun  are  three  "steps"  up  to  the  level  of  Gatun  Lake.     At  Pedro  Miguel  is  one  step  down,  and  now 
here,  at  Miraflores  Locks,  two  more  which  bring  us  down  to  sea-level  again. 


aiHIIIIHtlllllllllllllllimillllllllllllll 


Mllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllltlllllllllllllllllltlllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllllll 

Copyright  by  Underwood  £  Underwood.  N.  Y. 


It  is  very  hot  for  the  men  who  work  in  the  big  locks  in  the  sun.     Notice  the  workmen  resting 

at  noon  under  the  dump  cars. 


d llllllllllllliiliiiiiillllllllllllll iiiniiiii iiiimimiiimmii mini i mini iniiillil mini nil nun Illinium I mini I minimum minim 


-'Illllllllimmmimmmil inMIIHIHIIIIinlnilllllllllllllUnilMIIHIIIIHIinilllllinilMIIIIHIHIMnillllHIMHIIIMIMIIIIMniUIIIMIinMIMIMIMIHHinHIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIMIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIIII^ 


i  - 


-iiiiiiiiuiimiiMHiiiHmimiiiiiiiimiuiiimmimimHMimMimiiiHHHmmMHiimiiiiHMMimmMiiHMiiiiiiiimiiiM 

These  are  the  machines  for  mixing  and  laying  the  concrete  of  which  the  locks  are  built.     Tons  of  cement 
and  mountains  of  sand  and  broken  stone  are  used. 


iuimimin iiMMifiiiiiMMnmiiimiiimmiiimimmmiiiiMiHiiiMiiiiiiiMMimmiimmMiimiimmiiimmiMiMmiimimiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiMmiiiiiiHiM mint 


TNMIIinillllimilllllllllll Hill lliiiiiiiiililllillllllillllllillillilliliiliiliMiiiliiiiiniiiiliiiliii minimi iiiiiiiiiiiiiillllllilliillllliilliiiinil Illllllllll liilllllilliiiiiiii I Illlllllimillllllr 

Copyright  by  Uuderwood  &  Underwood,  N.  Y. 

Sand  for  making  concrete  is  dredged  out  of  the  sea  bottom  and  loaded  on  barges,  as  shown  in  the  foreground. 
This  machine  transfers  it  to  sand  trains,  which  take  it  wherever  needed. 


Copyright  by  Underwood  £  Underwood.  N.  Y. 


The  powerful  mechanism  which  will  open  and  close  the  great  gates  of  the  locks. 
All  machinery  will  be  electrically  driven. 


inn i iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinii iiiiiiiiinii mi I iiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimiiimmiiiiiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiimii iiiiiiimiiiiiiiimiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii^ 


HIIIIIIIIIIIII inn inn iiiiiiimimiiiiiiimiiiiiiiii minim i ii mi iilliiiiillllllliiililiii mini I mini in i i iiiiinii iiiiiin iiiiiiiimiimiir 


Now  we  look  from  the  lower  end  of  Miraflores  Locks  toward  Panama  City  and  the  Pacific  end  of  the  Canal. 

From  this  point  we  are  again  at  sea  level. 


Copyright  by  Underwood  A  Underwood.  S.  Y. 


A  curious  accident  at  Balboa,  near  Panama  City.     The  wharf  suddenly  collapsed  in  the  night,  falling 
partly  across  the  steamer  and  sinking  it. 


illlimiMmiMMMIMIMIIHIIMMMMMMHIIIIIIMIMMiminilMIMNINIIimMIMIIIHIIINIIIMMIIimiMlllllimmiMMMIIIIimilllMlimMIIHI^^ 


•nillMllimmllimilllimilllllllllllllllimmillimimilmmMHINimillMIMMIimmmmimMIHIinHIIIIHIimiimMIUIIIIIII^^ 

Copyright  by  Underwood  &  Underwood,  N.    Y. 

Here  we  stand  on  Ancon  Hill,  and  look  out  southward  over  the  old  city  of  Panama  and  the  Pacific. 
The  end  of  the  Canal  is  off  the  edge  of  the  picture,  to  the  right. 


MIIIIIIllMIHIIHMIHIU: 


FACTS,  DATES,  AND  FIGURES 


Length  of  Canal,  deep  water  to  deep  water 

Width  of  channel,  at  bottom,  minimum 

Width  of  lock  chambers 

Length  of  lock  chambers 

Thickness  of  Gatun  Dam  at  base 

Height  of  Gatun  Dam  from  Sea  Level 

Area  of  Gatun  Lake 

Depth  of  channel  through  Gatun  Lake 

Depth  of  channel  through  Culebra  Cut 

Level  of  water  in  Gatun  Lake  and  Culebra  Cut  above  the  sea 

Greatest  depth  of  Cut,  at  Gold  Hill 

Total  Excavation  in  Culebra  Cut 

Total  Excavation  on  Entire  Canal 

Average  cost  of  Excavation,  per  yard 

French  Excavation  in  Culebra  Cut 

Greatest  Excavation  in  any  one  day 

Greatest  Excavation  in  any  month   (March,  1911) 

Greatest  Excavation  in  any  year  (1911) 

Greatest  yearly  Excavation,   (Entire  Canal)    (1908) 

Dynamite  used  in  blasting,  to  January  1,  1913 

Concrete  used  in  Locks 


50  miles 

300  feet 

110  feet 

1000  feet 

2000  feet 

105  feet 

164  square  miles 
45  to  85  feet 
45  feet 
85  feet 
494  feet 

115,000,000  cubic  yards 
212,227,000  cubic  yards 

88  cents 

20,419,720  cubic  yards 

68,505  cubic  yards 

1,728,748  cubic  yards 

16,596,891  cubic  yards 

37,116,735  cubic  yards 

27,252  tons 
4,302,563  cubic  yards 


^iiiiiiiiiiiimmiiimiiiHiiiiiiiiiiiiiiii MHiMiiinniniiiHnniininiiniiiiiiiiiniiiiniiiMnninHMiinMiiiiiiliiiiiHiHniiiiiininiiHniiiiiiiMiiiiiMiiiiiiiiiiiniiniiiininHiiiiiiiniiiniHiniiiiiiiiiiiiiMiiMiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiinig 

Cement  used  5,500,000  barrels 

Time  of  Passage  through  Completed  Canal  10  hours 

Time  of  Passage  through  Three  Locks  3  hours 

Cost  of  Completed  Canal  $375,000,000 

Cost  of  Locks,  Dams,  and  Breakwaters  $85,643,000 

Cost  of  Culebra  Cut  $80,481,000 

Cost  of  Sea  Level  Canal  Sections  $30,906,000 

Cost  of  Lock  Gates  $5,374,000 

Salaries  and  Wages,  total  $150,000,000 

Maximum  Force  employed  on  Canal  (March  30,  1910)  38,676 

Maximum  Force  on  Canal  and  Panama  Railroad  (February  1,  1912)  42,174 

Work  begun  by  French  at  Panama  January  10,  1880 

French  Canal  Company  failed  1889 

Work  begun  by  Americans  May  4,  1904 

Canal  half  finished  about  July  1,  1910 

First  Ship  through  Canal  1913 

Official  Date  of  Completion  January  1,  1915 

Material  excavated  from  the  Canal  would  make  a  line  of  Pyramids,  each  the  size  of  the  Great 
Pyramid  of  Egypt,  63  in  number,  and  extending  nine  miles. 

The  same  amount  of  excavation  would  dig  a  canal  55  feet  wide  and  10  feet  deep  entirely  across  the 
United  States. 

The  material  taken  out  would  fill  a  dirt  train  long  enough  to  extend  around  the  earth  four  times. 

It  would  build  a  Chinese  wall  2500  miles  long. 

The  drill  holes  for  blasting,  if  placed  end  to  end,  would  pass  entirely  through  the  center  of  the  earth. 


- iiiiiiiiiimmiiimmi inn mini mi nin num urn niiinii immmiiin immii i i imiiiiii iimiiii iiimin mum m ,= 


